How much water is there on, in, and above the Earth?

Recently came across this interesting questions 

How much water is there on, in, and above the Earth?i.e. all the water of the earth is collected and made into a water drop what will be the dimension of the drop?

 Solution:

And to compare when this drop is placed on earth not even half of north America is covered?

That's all water we have guys and its not over yet 90% of this sea water. Comments?

References:

http://water.usgs.gov/edu/earthhowmuch.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_radius

missing order spectra in double slit diffraction

Que: In double slit diffraction what should be the ratio of a & b such that, the central diffraction maximum contains exactly seven interference fringes. what must be the ratio if the central maximum contains exactly five fringes? 'a' is slit width and 'b' is the separation between the two slits.

Sol.  

case when central diffraction maximum contains exactly seven interference fringes

 

 Ans b/a =3

case when central diffraction maximum contains exactly five interference fringes 

 Ans b/a =2 

 to try it yourself by varying b and a independently click here.

Effect of wavelength on diffraction pattern

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step wise plan for a successful school/college project

To organize a project smartly, make a plan and stick to it. Here is a step wise guide for planning and executing a school/college level project.

  Concept 

Project idea can be derived from variety of sources, a fleeting thought, your favorite concept (which you know the best), text book concept, any numerical or theoretical problem, current science topics which are making headlines etc.. In today’s world GOOGLE is a very rich source to get good project ideas. But, you should try to resist doing it in the first place.

• Sit with a paper and pen and think about a concept which will be fun to demonstrate.
•  Jot down few options, if you are working in a group then sit together and discuss you strength and weakness as a group. 
• Try to choose a topic with which everyone in the group feels comfortable. 
• Be creative and imaginative, but at the same time be realistic about availability of instruments and things like that.
• Once topic is decided, discuss concept behind the topic in great details.
• List out relevant keywords (it can be about the scientist who discovered it, definition, application, formulae) which will be required while explaining the demonstration to the audience.
• Have a group discussion about these keywords, it will help you during viva-vice.

 Planning

After having enough knowledge about basics behind your experiment, its time for planning a timeline for project. A successful project cannot be realized without a great idea but without proper planning even a great idea will not materialize into a good project.

• Divide time available with you into 5 equal parts. 
• Concept/customization/actual experimentation/analysis & report/buffer time, this buffer time is a must. It can be utilized for making last minute corrections and possible improvements in the project.
• Collect address and phone numbers of the vendors if you are in need of any scientific good.
• Divide work (purchase, printing, drawing etc.) among team members for the smooth execution of plan.

                                              Purchase 

 

 Keep one for purchasing things that you will require. Keep a sample with you if possible.  Also purchase stationary required on the same day.

                    Customization

After doing some trials of experimentation, you will realize what changes should be made. If you are trying to reproduce any video its quite common that you will not get desired results. So make use of this time for making most apt setup. Stability of the setup is equally important; if something goes wrong you should be able to correct it asap. Prepare a 2-3 minute speech for explaining your project. You may want to prepare two separate write-ups for scientific and non-scientific community.

Experimentation

Set up experiment such that there is possibility of data collection. Validation of data builds more trust in the audience about the experiment.  Take as many readings as possible. Take a lot of pictures of the setup from various angles. Some of them can be used later for report and poster.

 Analysis

Analysis requires thorough knowledge of the concept behind experiment. If you have collected large amount of data, use software such as MS excel, Origin etc. for plotting graphs. Try to fit experimental data points with model equations. Extract information from the graphs and estimate error in experiment. Look out for possible sources of error in the experiment.

Report/Poster

It’s a great tool to get attention of audience, this I will discuss later in detail. For now I have found a journal article written by Ladino et. al. entitled "Resistance of  Copper wire as a function of temperature. I hope this will be helpful.

Final check

Buffer time means simply keeping aim of completing project few days ahead of due date.It gives you some breathing space. Once its ready and you still have few days in hand give you more confidence about the project. Go through everything once again and check especially conceptual explanation of the experiment. Do some rehearsal and mock presentation with your group members, as a well prepared speech is halfway done. Use this time to look for any kind of improvements you can make. Search internet for finding any relevant advance application. 

Make video of your experiment as well as presentation and see it several times. It will give you a visual idea about how audience will see it.

Michelson's interferometer

Michelson interferometer 

 

Airy's disc and resolving power ppt

Airy's disc  


Airy’s disk  can be easily observed by passing laser through a small aperture and observing at a large distance.

 

 


 

Fraunhoffer Diffraction at single slit derivation PPT

Fraunhoffer Diffraction at single slit derivation calculus method

Franhoffer diffraction from vani_lj

Electronics Assignment 2

Electronics Assignment 2

1.      Using transistor having b= 150, V_CE(max) = 30volt, I_C(max)=20mA maximum power dissipation of 50mW, design a CE amplifier with voltage divider bias giving voltage gain of 70 and lower cutoff frequency of 5 kHz.

2.      Using transistor having b= 250, V_CE(max) = 40volt, I_C(max)=30mA maximum power dissipation of 100mW design a CE amplifier with voltage divider bias giving voltage gain of 80 and lower cutoff frequency of 6 kHz.

3.      Design  Colpitt’s oscillator to generate frequency of 25kHz.

4.      Design  RC phase shift oscillator to generate frequency of 7 kHz.

5.      Design differential amplifier using OPAMP 741 for gain -30.

6.      Design differential amplifier of gain ≈ 15 using two 741 OPAMPs. 

7.      Design non-inverting amplifier of gain varying over a range of approximately 2 to 10 using 741 OPAMP.

8.      Design an AC  inverting amplifier using 741 OPAMP for Bandwidth of 10KHz with lower cut off at 400Hz.

9.      Design an inverting amplifier of gain varying over a range of 4 to 25 using 741 OPAMP.